In The Seven Pillars of Wisdom, T. E. Damascus Lawrence devotes only a few lines, the epilogue. It is a tribute, once in Damascus, his adventure was over, the city of the Umayyads was her Ithaca. Lawrence and his Arab warriors, indeed, had fought for the dream to enter as victors in Damascus and release and the yoke of the Ottoman Turks. Was the target of Arab independence revolt of WWI.
Almost a century later, the Arab democratic revolution has come to Damascus and there he has met with bloody resistance of the ruling clan of Asad. The new battle of Damascus is "an intelligent young people against an archaic power" in the words of Syrian Khaled Khalifa, author of a novel, In Praise of hatred, based on another fierce repression, which in 1982 unleashed against the Muslim Brotherhood then-President Hafez al-Assad, father of current owner, Bashar Assad.
Although less boastful and outrageous as their colleagues Gaddafi and Saddam, Hafez al-Assad ruled Syria with an iron fist for 30 years. It was a military tyrant become a dark and cunning policy and its main contribution was the invention of the Arab republic inherited. In 2000, once in power, his son Bashar, an ophthalmologist trained in the United Kingdom and gentle manners, announced its reformist intentions. His "Spring", however, only lasted a few months. His extended family, their religious sect (the Alawi), the Baath Party, the army of his father and the melting pot of all these groups, the Mukhabarat, or secret service, soon convinced him that Syria still needed heavy hand.
Early in the second decade of the century, the invention of Hafez al-Assad was ready to be institutionalized in the Arab world. Ben Ali, Tunisian, Libyan and Egyptian Mubarak Gadhafi planned to leave the leadership of their respective States to their relatives. Such audacity was one of the reasons that caused the anger of the youth of these countries and triggered a revolt that sent to landfill division of the Arab regimes depending on their attitude toward the United States and Israel. Because if Ben Ali and Mubarak were called "moderate Arab" for being pro-American, Gaddafi and Assad were on anti-imperialist, pan-Arabist and socialistic.
"The link between movements in the Arab world," says Khaled Khalifa in an interview in Le Nouvel Observateur, "is evident. Our systems have in common the despotism and corruption. The people's demands are also the same: freedom and dignity. " And, as in Tunisia and Egypt, Syrian demonstrations in recent weeks, adds the writer, are distinguished by the clever use of mobile phones and online social networks and their desire not to use violence.
So why does the world involved in Libya, not Syria? The question is pertinent: the Assad family, like Gaddafi, used military weapons, including tanks, against the demonstrations, the dead are in the hundreds wounded, thousands, and think about the torture of detainees is very painful. But the official response is not morally and politically convincing: Asad of Syria of providing stability to the Middle East, for Israel is an ideal enemy to Turkey as a bulwark against the Kurds, no longer exists cope with Afghanistan and Libya ...
Saladin, the medieval warrior who defeated the Crusaders and restored Jerusalem to Islam, is buried in Damascus, in a small mausoleum near the Umayyad Mosque. A Hafez al-Assad liked to present himself as "the Lion of Damascus" and competed with Qaddafi and Saddam on the status of heir to Saladin, the leader of the Arab peoples against Israel and the United States. Mere words: the founder of the dynasty Asad went roaring to a powerful rival. Peace reigned in the Golan occupied by Israel, and Lebanon, de facto Syrian protectorate, swiftly fled when troops stormed the Star of David.
Cautious in its external action, as opposed to Gaddafi and Saddam, it was difficult to surprise them with a smoking gun in his hand after some of their international crimes, "Hafez al-Assad benefited from the gift that Henry Kissinger had made, stating that their Syria was "a factor of stability in the Middle East." This catch phrase, repeated ad nauseam by the Western realpolitik, allowed him to do and undo at will on Lebanon and getting that European politicians would come to Damascus with almost reverential attitude.
Yes, Hafez al-Assad and his clan in his country did not allow the slightest dissent, as has the novel The dark side of love, Rafik Schami exile. The claw is the Syrian people wore.
Syria certainly is a very important country in the Middle East, and Damascus, the capital of the first caliphate, the Umayyads, one of the great cities of the Arab world. But Syria has no oil, unlike Iraq and Libya, so to overcome this, Hafez al-Assad forged a marriage of convenience with Iran's Shiite Khomeini, of which Hezbollah is a Lebanese child.
There is another reason for the alliance. Although the Asad regime is secular and militaristic, this family belongs to a unique religious sect, the Alawites, related to the Shiites. Being a minority in Syria, 10% versus 80% of Sunni, Alawi mask their hegemony with a blanket lay.
The Asad have supporters. Life in Syria is modest but not poor. Alawi religious minorities and Christians breathe more freely than elsewhere. The neighbor and chaotic "new Iraq", the result of the U.S. invasion of 2003, is a counter-example of "democracy." And that Israel has occupied since 1967 a part of Syrian territory, the Golan Heights, mobilizes patriotism and serves as a pretext to justify the state of war prevailing in the country.
Protests of a frustrated young people in their work and life expectations, tired of the lack of freedom and corruption, came to Syria in any case, most in the provinces of Damascus, and at first thought it would Bachar reformist answer them. That impression faded away, replaced by an unlimited brutality justified with all sorts of conspiracy theories. According to official propaganda, demonstrations are organized by foreign powers, by salafi groups or both things at once, never correspond to the wishes of the Syrian population.
In his speech on Thursday about North Africa and the Middle East, Obama spoke enough of Syria. As an example of the salutary effects of any protest against oppression, quoted a young Damascus: "After the first cry, you feel recovered their dignity." Then he remembered that the Syrian regime's response has been "killing and detention." And Bashar said that either lead a transition to democracy or will be removed from the middle. Did not specify how.
Who runs Syria now? Have you been displaced by relatives and cronies Bachar even harder? "Manda his fiery brother Maher? Little or nothing is known. Darkness, as always in Syria, hiding the tops of power. And as he wrote decades ago the German journalist Peter Scholl-Latour, "in Damascus all conversations have an air of conspiracy." Anyway, again opting for the killing, the Asad regime signed its own death.